causes of military coups in africa pdf06 Sep causes of military coups in africa pdf
This can be seen to be largely motivated by the insecurity many civilian governments in Africa were experiencing and was to some considerable extent intended to be an object lesson to aspiring military commanders. Economic, Financial, and Technical Series (Exeter), 03 1972, p. 2299.Google Scholar, Page 120 note 3 Afrique nouvelle, 7 10 1971.Google Scholar. You can also search for this author in (2014). Priorities have shifted to the quality of electoral processes . Cham: Springer International Publishing. Either way, coups are rarely a solution to bad governance. Page 125 note 2 Welch, op. There was a coup attempt every 55 days in the 1960s and 1970s, and over 90% of African states had a coup experience. 142. , International Journal of Politics and Good Governance, Vol. The recent resurgence of military coups in parts of Africa has revamped global scholarly attention on the causes of military intervention in politics and the consequences of military rule on the African continent. pp. Coups in Africa had been declining for much of the past two decades. Department of Political Science, University of North Carolina, Greenboro, Contentious Politics and Political Violence, Political Values, Beliefs, and Ideologies, The Second Wave: Aggregate Statistical Approaches, The First Wave Returns: Crucial Case Studies, Conclusions and Implications for Future Research, https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.1868. Onuoha, Browne. Wiseman, J. without adequate separation between very different examples of civilmilitary relations. The link was not copied. On 26 July 2023, a coup d'tat occurred in the Republic of the Niger when the country's presidential guard detained president Mohamed Bazoum, and presidential guard commander general Abdourahamane Tchiani proclaimed himself the leader of a new military junta, shortly after confirming the coup a success.. The recent attempt in Guinea-Bissau, too, recalled the first decades after independence, when coups were rampant. Feature Flags: { There are thousands of displaced," said a protester celebrating the military . Summary There have been three waves of scholarship on military coups d'tat (or simply "coups")the unconstitutional replacement of chief executives by military officerssince the 1960s. (2011). Get breaking news and daily headlines delivered to your . American Political Science Review 72 (4): 12621275. 1134 and 1144. Freedom and development: Uhuru Na Maendeleo. The Coup dEtat in Theory and Practice: Independent Black Africa in the 1960s. For instance, Russia and China, both veto-holding members of the council, in late 2021 blocked it from imposing fresh sanctions on Malis coup leaders after those leaders announced delays in elections that would return the West African country to civilian rule. They include Somalia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Chad, Sudan and Zimbabwe. After Sudans coup in October 2021, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres spoke of an epidemic of coups, including the events in Africa and a February 2021 coup in Myanmar. ), Bureaucracy and Political Development (Princeton, 1963).Google Scholar. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. International avenues for punishing coupists must be supported by global powers. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. 2, p. 603.Google Scholar See also Pye, Lucian, Aspects of Political Development (Boston, 1966)Google Scholar; and Bell, M. J. V., The Military in the New States of Africa, in Van Doom, Jacques (ed. in Latin-American Politics. World Politics Vol. Shillington, K. (1992). Similarly, 12 of the 20 coups in the sub-region since 2010 happened there. It must be emphasized that it is an understatement to say that military coups were in vogue in Africa between the 1950s and the late . OKane, R. H. T. (1981). 1996. 622640. Peterson, Derek R. Indeed, a field study tour conducted in 1960- 1 - the year of independence as it has been called - to investigate the place of the armed forces in societies in Africa did not provide the evidence on which to forecast the eventual spate of coups. The analysis points to three conclusions: In sub-Saharan Africa, the legitimacy of military rule is mainly based on institutional performance and economic management. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. 2020-09-08. . 2013. Oquaye, M. (1980). The military as part of the polity intervenes in several ways. According to this definition, the target of a coup must be a sitting executive, and the perpetrators must have formal ties to the national government. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 13(3), 383398. Nassers legacy on the 50th anniversary of the 1967 war (pp. These show how likely more coups are and what needs to change to prevent them. Journal of the European Economic Association 8 (23): 655663. Luttwak, E. N. (1979). Akufo-Addo, A. D. (2021). Ihonvbere, Julius O. Annex 2b. Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo. "useRatesEcommerce": true Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. The politics of Sub-Saharan Africa. Thomas Sankara and a political economy of happiness. Governance deficits, non-fulfilment of the entitlements of citizenship, frustrated masses (most of whom are young) and growing insecurity are chief among the inward-looking causes. IDS Working Paper No. The post-coup military spending question: A pooled cross-sectional time series analysis. Our attention is also focused on the most recent coups in Africa, especially in Mali and Burkina Faso, with the intention of determining the applicability of the extant theories in the reasons for military take-over of political power. Page 117 note 2 Kiba, Simon, La Vole de la Nouvelle Marche au Togo avec le RPT, in Afrique nouvelle, 31 03 1972.Google ScholarMesan is still largely a paper structure, and the Congolese P.C.T., captured by militant elements, has not evoked much mass participation. West Africas latest successful coup, in Burkina Faso on 24 January 2022, has renewed unease about coups returning and democracies dying in Africa. Nevertheless, there is serious doubt whether even the most sympathetic observer, equipped with the best credentials, could carry out systematic research on the military in, for example, Algeria, Morocco, Guinea, Congo-Brazzaville, Uganda, or for that matter Zare. World Politics, 20(1), 83110. International Journal of Interdisciplinary Global Studies, 10(2), 16. 4:3.The Ghanaian Economy and its Performance under Military Regimes 1972-1985 51 4:4 Military Rule in Some African, Latin American and Developing Countries 56 Chapter 5: Analysis 61 5:1.From the Perspective of Dependency Theory 61 5:2.From the Perspective of Military Centrality Theory 63 2014. 2015. Published September 8, 2021 The Guinean military's overthrow of President Alpha Condan outcome of autocratic overreach, economic mismanagement, and eroding democratic normspoints to the failure of regional bodies and international partners to anticipate and respond to an evolving coup playbook. Cultural Pluralism, Modernization and Conflict. International Journal of Politics and Good Governance 2 (2.3): 9761195. A. Mazrui and D. Rothchild, The Soldier and State in East Africa: some theoretical conclusions on the army mutinies of 1964, in Mazrui, A. 4034Google Scholar: An individual's reference groups are those social groups to which he psychologically relates himself, with which he identifies. Jackman, R. W. (1976). The SU LIS takes no responsibility for the content published within this journal, and disclaims all liability arising out of the use of or inability to use the information contained herein. Elections are held periodically but without crucial ingredients of democracy like informed and active participation, respect for the rule of law, independence of the judiciary and civil liberties. All together, thats more than 100 million people being ruled by the military after power was seized violently. Although the coups in Egypt and Thailand, in 2013 and 2014, respectively, were a reminder that the military can still play a political role, it was the recent failed coup at-tempt in Turkey which drove this point home. Many others have attempted, but failed, to do so. Military Resurgence in African Politics and the Drive for Foreign Direct Investment. Agyeman-Duah, B. China, too, joined Russia in preventing France, which had the support of the US and the EU, to have the UN Security Council support a decision to impose economic and border sanctions on Mali. 1990. .. Francis, David J. On the night of 13 January 1963, Togo's President Sylvanus Olympio was shot dead by rebels in the first military coup staged in Africa. Swords and Decay: Military Interventions in Developing Nations. Mpanza, Siphesihle The military took advantage of social unrest and insecurity caused by the activities of violent extremists. Editing by Amy Reifenrath, Sharon Shahid, Salem Solomon and Carol Guensburg, coup leaders said concerns about corruption and a failing economy motivated their takeover, 2021 Fragile States Index created by the Fund for Peace. Thousands demonstrated Aug. 11 near a French military base in Niamey, Niger's capital, chanting "Down with France! Page 119 note 1 See the statistics in Banque centrale des tats de l'Afrique de l'ouest: indicateurs conomiques (Paris), 192, 02 1972, p. 3.Google Scholar An evaluation of the Eyadema rgime is contained in the author's forthcoming The Army and Politics in Togo. Revolution and Democracy in Ghana: The Politics of Jerry John Rawlings. Nelkin, Dorothy, The Economic and Social Setting of Military Takeovers in Africa, in Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), II, 1968, p. 231Google Scholar: in every country, the issues which best account for the case of military access to power, relate to economic circumstances and their social consequences. Africa in the Grip of Tenure Elongation Seekers, The Guardian, October 4, 2015. Until these domestic dynamics improve, or regional or global actors can provide a solution, there is no reason to think coups should go away., Reporting and writing by Megan Duzor Samuel P. Huntington While Burkina Faso has had fewer total coups attempts in the same period, it has the highest number of successful coups, with eight, including Januarys coup. 1935.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Relying mainly on secondary data, this chapter revisits the dominant theoretical orientations and interrogates their continued relevance for the explanation of the military in African politics. 5, 1972, pp. An Empirical Study of the Causes of Military Coups and the Consequences of Military Rule in the Third World: 1960-1985 Showing 1-4 of 214 pages in this dissertation . Droits d'auteur 20102023, The Conversation France (assoc. In each decade between 1958 and 2008, according to one researcher, West Africa had the highest number of coups on the continent, accounting for 44.4%. cit. Hachette UK. Armies have been analysed in terms of their social and ethnic composi-tion, training, ideology, and socialising influences. Robin Luckham, The The 1974 Coup dtat in Niger: Towards an explanation. Higgott, R., & Fuglestad, F. (1975). Democratisation in Africa also requires a re-orientation to suit local circumstances. 1992. Following the 1966 military coup in Nigeria, Ethiopia also experienced interventions of military in its history in the 1974 at large. Soldiers in politics: Military coups and governments. Brighton, Sussex: Institute of Development Issues. Luqman Saka and A. J. Omede, The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable Civil-Military Relations in Africas Emerging Democracies., Tukumbi Lumumba-Kasongo, The problematic of Liberal Democracy and Democratic Process: Lessons for Deconstructing and Building African Democracies., Luqman Saka and A. J. Omede, The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable CivilMilitary Relations in Africas AU's response In response to the rise in military takeovers, particularly in West Africa, the African Union issued a statement expressing "deep concern over the growing trend of military coups across the African continent that undermines peace and stability of countries in Africa." 2010. Page 109 note 3 Finer, op.cit. cit. Tornado Publications. Jacopo Costa, Raul Caruso, and Roberto Ricciuti, The Probability of Military Rule in Africa, 19702007. racks for good. 2011. Political Fragility in Africa: Are Military Coups dtat a Never-Ending Phenomenon? They might equally (as First, , The Barrel of a Gun, pp. : A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt, 19601967. The Nigerian Military: A Sociological Analysis of Authority and Revolt, 19601967. One of its central findings was that military uprisings were an integral part of political succession in many countries. As a result, coup leaders are more likely to wait for circumstances in which the status quo itself is terrible or when they feel they can survive any negative responses to a coup, including sanctions. Democratization in Africa. Military and Politics: Understanding the Theoretical Underpinning of Military Incursion in Third World Politics, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Rome: MCSER Publishing. The latest power grabs in Africa have raised concerns that the region could be backsliding from its progress toward greater democracy. Page 116 note 2 For several examples of this, see Decalo, Journal of Developing Areas, 1973; and E. Philip Morgan, Military Intervention in Politics: the case of Uganda, African Studies Association, Denver, 1971. Fosu, Augustin K. 2008. Costa, Jacopo, Caruso Raul, and Roberto Ricciuti. It was the military that had dominated the politics of pre-colonial Africa and influenced the continent's history at different times. Curtin University apporte un financement en tant que membre adhrent de TheConversation AU. Malis 2020 coup leader Assimi Goita cited widespread popular dissatisfaction toward those in power when he seized control. The end of the Cold War and the Rise of Democracy? Hosted by the Stellenbosch University Library and Information Service, Copyright 2023 Scientia Militaria: South African Journal of Military Studies. Much of the latest wave of research pinpoints factorslike coup proofing, less inequality, or the end of the Cold Warthat reduce the probability of a coup. Page 119 note 3 Kalck, op. One is the public support of many citizens on the streets when there is a coup. 2006. Morris, K. (2012). A peaceful turnover in Ghana. Toward Explaining Military Intervention in Latin-American Politics. Politicians in uniform: military governments and social change in the Third World. Read more: 30522.Google Scholar. One soldier was killed with several others injured. There have been three waves of scholarship on military coups dtat (or simply coups)the unconstitutional replacement of chief executives by military officerssince the 1960s. Peace Review 9 (3): 371378. Review of African Political Economy, 40(137), 358374. If citizens perceive that politicians dont care about them, this will invite the military to continue overthrowing civil governments, with society publicly legitimising their intervention in politics. 140159. Inter-state borders. Freedom Publications. Dennis Austin's similar conclusion about the Ghanaian army, the last of the lites, which is no less eager to pursue its advantage and protect its interests than other pressure groups within the local universe of Ghanaian politics; Army and Politics in Ghana, in West Africa (London), 24 03 1972.Google Scholar See also A. cit., and Janowitz, op. 12, 10, 1920, 67, 72, and 186. And once in power, the officer corps' performance has been examined in order to generate insights into its propensity to serve as a modernising or developmental agent. They tolerate local politics and authoritarianism as long as their strategic advantage is served. Togo, the legitimation of military regimes, Incidences of military coups, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Sudan tops the list as the African country with the most coups attempted and successful since 1950, with 17, Powell and Thynes data show. Render date: 2023-08-20T20:13:09.733Z Page 125 note 1 Quotations from Lefever, op. 28 July BBC Verify Getty Images Supporters of the coup in Niger have been expressing their support in the capital Niamey By Peter Mwai BBC Verify, Nairobi Military coups were a regular. 2360. 1979. 41113. Between 1958 and 2008, most coups in Africa occurred in former French colonies, as did six of the 7 since 2019. Macmillan. . 2012. I used survey data to examine whether support for nondemocratic rule was mainly due to poor institutional and economic performance or to an existing so-called authoritarian personality and culture in the region. Patrick Wilmot, Nigerias Southern Africa Policy, 19601988. Major studies identify and explain the causes in different structural theories: Political development -Military centrality -Ethnic antagonism -World system/dependency theory. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Gabon In July 2019, some military officers seized power in the Central African country. American Sociological Review 55, 1990, pp. A. In October, the U.N.s Guterres cited three main reasons for the increase in coups in 2021: strong geopolitical divides between nations; the COVID-19 pandemics economic and social impact on countries; and, finally, the U.N. Security Councils inability to take strong measures in response to coups. Published online by Cambridge University Press: cit. (2005). A. Jordan. A., The Ghana Coup London, 1967).Google Scholar, Page 122 note 1 Price, , World Politics, p. 407.Google Scholar Interestingly, Nkrumah did refer to the coup leaders as possessing Sandhurst mentality tend[ing] to frown on everything in our Ghanaian way of life which did not conform with English customs and traditions. Enahoro, Peter, Military Rule in Africa, in Africa (London), 4, 1971, p. 20.Google Scholar, Page 122 note 2 Price, , Comparative Politics, pp. An example is Mali, where four coup attempts took place in the past decade after the country did not experience any in the prior 20 years. The third and current wave of scholarship takes advantage of the development of statistical software for limited dependent variablesthen unavailable, now commonplaceto recast the quantitative research on coups. Intense . 4, Private Armies. CNN In just over a year, Africa has experienced three successful coups (two in Mali and one more recently in Guinea), one unsuccessful coup attempt in Niger, and an arbitrary military. New York: Fredrick A Preager Publishers. Page 121 note 3 Price, , World Politics, pp. The Faltering Prospect of Crafting Stable Civil-Military Relations in Africas Emerging Democracies. In Burkina Faso, an attack in November 2021 led to the coup in January 2022. In March 2021, there was a coup attempt in Niger, and in September 2021 it was Guineas turn. 17 and 345. Like coups in the post-independence era, recent coups in West Africa also have foreign fingerprints. 1). Commentary on the instability in . Military Organization in Most Ethnically Segmented Societies: A Comparative Study. Covenant University Journal of Politics and International Affairs 1 (1): 4561. 861875. Outward are those concerning global dynamics with significant impact on governance and security on the continent. A., & Gordon, D. L. (2007). To say African democracies are dying is to accept that they were alive. .. As the military's raison d'tre is clearly the de-fence of a state, any venture by it into politics is To avert future coups and respond to current ones, there must be a radical change of direction. p. 174. South African Police Guard Lesotho PM After a Military Coup, The Guardian, September 4, 2014. I carried out a quantitative analysis using Afrobarometer survey data gathered from 37 African countries, both from North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa. 1. The Role of the Military in Sub-Saharan Africa. , The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations, Boston, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1957. Page 113 note 2 See Rapoport, David C., A Comparative Theory of Military and Political Types, in Huntington, Samuel P. Haynes, J. Besley, Timothy, and James A. Robinson. Muhammad Dan Suleiman ne travaille pas, ne conseille pas, ne possde pas de parts, ne reoit pas de fonds d'une organisation qui pourrait tirer profit de cet article, et n'a dclar aucune autre affiliation que son organisme de recherche.
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