what causes ocean circulation06 Sep what causes ocean circulation
And scientists are trying to better understand how our oceans including natural variations are being affected by increased greenhouse gasses in our atmosphere. Water in the blue currents is colder, saltier, and denser than water in the red currents. And 2024 will likely be the warmest on record.". Nature Geoscience, 15:165-167 (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00896-4) (2022). Gyre. Coriolis effect. In an ocean, downwelling can be caused by wind circulation patterns. The MOC is responsible for about two-thirds of the oceanic northward heat transport and, thus, plays an important role in regulating the Earths climate system. Numerical climate models indicate that important water mass transformations and exchanges occur in the South Atlantic. de Araujo Filho, J. Karstensen, J. Hahn, M. Martin-Rey, C.M. de Souza, A. Gaye, J. Lopez-Parages, P.-A. de Jong, L. de Steur, S. Dong, E. Frajka-Williams, G.J. WebA. Ansorge. witnessed corals that had essentially burned to death, ost roughly147 billiontonnes of ice per year, island nations in the Pacific are facing an existential threat, CBC's Journalistic Standards and Practices. Climate-relevant ocean transport measurements in the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. This causes a very slight gradient and water tends to flow down the slope. 6. These daily observations started back in 1982, and now provide the longest nearly-continuous record of a boundary current transport in the world. Get a hint. Geophys. Audience Relations, CBC P.O. Upwelling is a process in which currents bring deep, cold water to the surface of the ocean.Upwelling is a result of winds and the rotation of the Earth. western intensification causes____. Changes in the Gulf Stream strength directly affects sea levels along the eastern coast of Florida. How are our oceans being affected by rising global temperatures? But these phenomena don't just have an effect in the region: they affect the entire planet. Johns, B.I. These are called "tidal currents." WebAtmospheric circulation. These changes are attributed to human induced ozone depletion in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere and increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. occur as Earth rotates through areas where ocean water bulges. In fact, our oceans store roughly 90 per cent of our planet's heat. The rise and fall of the tides. Scientists Say Ocean Circulation Is Slowing. 14 terms. We have over 100 coast-to-coast XBT transects from 2000 to present and 7+ GO-SHIP transects that have been used to estimate the strength of the MOC at various latitudes. Among the other western boundary currents, the Kuroshio of the North Pacific is perhaps the most like the Gulf Stream, having a similar transport and array of eddies. CBCs international climate correspondent Susan Ormiston met the scientists engineering new coral in a lab and planting them in the wild to try to restore a critical ecosystem. C) provide data for modeling water pathways in the oceans. However, last week a study published in the journal Nature suggested that we may see a collapse by the midcentury,both due to natural variability and human-caused warming, specifically, the acceleration of melting glaciers. What causes the water in the blue currents to sink? Polo, R. Lumpkin, B. Bourles, F.E. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with other currents influence a current's direction and strength. As the water cools, it becomes denser, which causes it to sink into the deep ocean where it flows back south. Meinen, M. Goes, S. Dong, H. Lopez, and S.G. Yeager. This world map shows the five oceanic gyres and how they impact ocean circulation. And right now, the oceans are already 20 per cent more acidic than they were at the start of the industrial era, Del Castillo said. Recognition of the importance of the South Atlantic led to the formation of an international group dedicated to advancing our understanding of the role of the South Atlantic Ocean in the MOC system, as well as the establishment of an observing system to capture key components of the circulation: these endeavors are known as the South Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or SAMOC initiative. In the North Atlantic the subpolar gyre consists of the North Atlantic Current at its equatorward side and the Norwegian Current that carries relatively warm water northward along the coast of Norway. This is why it's so concerning | CBC News Loaded. One of AOMLs contributions to MOC monitoring is a system that measures the transport of the Gulf Stream near the Florida coast using voltages on a submarine cable. 1) is that part of the ocean circulation which is driven by density differences. Hughes, R. Hummels, M. Inall, K. Jochumsen, K.M.H. Updated: 8/11/2023. Surface currents are driven by. Our oceans are the warmest in recorded history. Ocean circulation is caused by many different factors all acting together, It has three phases: La Nia, El Nio and the neutral phase. Geophysical Research Letters, 46(13):7481-7490, doi:10.1029/2019GL083596 2019, Majumder, S. and Schmid, C., 2018: A study of the variability in the Benguela Current volume transport. These can include tides, storm surge, and the strength of the Gulf Stream. Reviews of Geophysics, 58(1):e2019RG000654, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019RG000654 2020, Moat, B.I., D.A. Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth. In this process, warm surface water that originates from the equator travels along this sort of conveyor belt towards the Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 123(7):4624-4648, doi:10.1029/2018JC013907 2018. Draw the Ocean Conveyor Belt. Research conducted at AOML shows a physical link between the state of the ocean and high impact extreme weather events, such as heat waves and tornadoes. D. Centrifugal force The Gulf Stream brings warm water from the Gulf of Mexico all the way up to the Norwegian Sea. The Brazil Current and the East Australian Current are relatively weak. Routine, high quality, measurements will help identify the time scales on which the MOC varies, and how large the variations might be on these different time scales. The warm eddies, composed of thermocline water normally found south of the Gulf Stream, are injected into the waters of the continental slope off the coast of the northeastern United States. This graphic shows how displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that wells up from below. What causes the two major types of ocean currents? Climate change will slow down deep overturning ocean circulation in the coming centuries. Strong mixing and recirculation in the northwestern Argentine Basin. D) are accurately described by each of the above. When ocean water in these areas gets very cold, sea ice forms. WebA gyre is a large system of rotating ocean currents. WebThermohaline circulation drives deep ocean circulation. There are several terms used to describe sea level: Global sea level is the average height of the ocean around the world. In the North Pacific the subpolar gyre is composed of the northward-flowing Alaska Current, the Aleutian Current, and the southward-flowing cold Oyashio Current. By now, most people have likely heard of either La Nia or El Nio, as we have just come out of three consecutive years of La Nia, and have now entered the El Nio phase. Smeed, B.I. The Earth rotates on its axis from west to east.Because of this rotation, winds tend to veer right in the northern hemisphere and left in the southern hemisphere.This is known as the Coriolis effect and is Meinen, B.I. Polito, R. Lumpkin, C. Schmid, and H. Lopez. Rather than an ocean, Antarctica is a massive continent withice sheets. Copyright 2023 NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. This is crucial, because the Atlantic Ocean is unique as the only basin where heat is transported northward in both hemispheres, strongly impacting the heat content. Johns, J.N. It transports about 134 million cubic metres (4.7 billion cubic feet) of seawater per second over a path of about 24,000 km (about 14,900 miles) and is the most important factor in diminishing the differences between oceans. High-pressure circulation in the atmosphere acts like a dome or cap, trapping heat at the surface and favoring the formation of a heat wave. Global sea level has already risen by 98 mm since 1998. The main objective of the SAMOC initiative is to measure the strength and variability of the MOC in the South Atlantic, and how it transports water mass properties like heat and salt, to link those variations with weather phenomena and climate system variability. Our MOC observations are valuable because they are widely used to validate and improve ocean and climate models. What causes an ice age and glacial-interglacial cycles? The southward flow that continues off the coast of Canada is called the Labrador Current. Perez, M. Le Hnaff, D. Valla, T. Lamont, O.T. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 49(5):1319-1338, doi:10.1175/JPO-D-18-0192.1 2019, Kersale, M., T. Lamont, S. Speich, T. Terre, R. Laxenaire, M.J. Roberts, M.A. Download State of Climate 2020, Chapter 3: Global Oceans. Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through: upwelling. It is the combination of differences in temperature and salinity that causes the deep ocean beneath the reach of the wind to circulate. This makes monitoring the Meridional Overturning Circulation critical for tracking changes in the global and regional climate and weather. Frontiers in Marine Science, 6:452 (doi:10.3389/fmars.2019.00452). Models often fail to reproduce the mean and the variability of the Atlantic MOC (AMOC) and its components. Add an answer. Our oceans are running a fever. Hint: An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of sea water caused by a variety of forces operating on the water, such as wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and changes in temperature and salinity. Geophysical Research Letters, 45(3):1527-1533, doi:10.1002/GL076350 2018, Valla, D., A.R. M. Kersale, T. Terre, M.-P. Chidichimo, T. Lamont, O.T. 2019). Therefore, it influences the rate of sea ice formation near the poles, which in turn affects other aspects of the climate system (such as the albedo, and thus solar heating, at high latitudes). Warming oceans alter currents. Ocean Science, 14(2):273-283 (doi:10.5194/os-14-273-2018). Therefore, close monitoring and identifying the changes in ocean circulation is the need of the hour. Transport structure of the South Atlantic Ocean derived from a high-resolution numerical model and observations. [PDF], Meinen, C.S., S. Speich, A.R. trade wind blow. Moat, D. Rayner, M. Rhein, A. Roessler, C. Schmid, and D.A. Heat moved around the oceans by the MOC largely controls the regional oceanic heat content. Da Cunha, M.J. McPhaden, M.C. Wind stress induces a circulation pattern that is similar for each ocean. WebThe circulation of the surface ocean is driven primarily by surface winds. Global oceans: Meridional overturning circulation and heat transport in the Atlantic Ocean. Structure and variability of the Antilles Current at 26.5N. AOML scientists and our national and international partners are leading several programs that make crucial observations of the MOC in both the North and South Atlantic. Holliday, R. Hummels, L.C. State of Climate 2020, Chapter 3: Global Oceans, https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2021.supplement.02-04, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00896-4, https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.811398, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00774-5, https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0027.1, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The answer is due to uneven heating of the Earth by the sun. The ocean churns up various types of currents. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, part of the thermohaline circulation which includes the Gulf Stream, is the ocean circulation system that carries heat north from the tropics and Southern Hemisphere until it loses it in the northern North Atlantic, Nordic and Labrador Seas, which leads to the deep sinking of the colder waters. A., & Messias, M. J. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 37(12), 2267-2282. https://doi.org/10.1175/JTECH-D-20-0027.1, Kersal, M., Meinen, C. S., Perez, R. C., Piola, A. R., Speich, S., Campos, E. J. D., & van den Berg, M. (2021). Which phenomenon causes oceans to bulge? [PDF], Smeed, D.A., S.A. Josey, C. Beaulieu, W.E. Meteor. WebCold, salty water is heavy and sinks to great depths. These velocity fields along with the hydrographic profiles are then used to estimate meridional volume and heat transport at several latitudes in the South Atlantic. In the La Nia phase, a region of the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean cools by roughly 1 C to 3 C. In an El Nio phase, the same region can warm by the same amount. The bright surface of sea ice reflects a lot of sunlight out into the atmosphere and, importantly, back into space. Meinen, and E. Campos; 2019. Watch the Lightning Presentation: Monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in both Hemispheres. GONI, N.P. Warming trend in Antarctic Bottom Water in the Vema Channel in the South Atlantic. After roughly two years they reenter the Gulf Stream just north of the Antilles islands. Baringer, C.S. Our research, published today in Nature Climate Change, looks at the profound consequences to global climate if this Atlantic conveyor collapses entirely.. We found the collapse of this system called the Atlantic meridional https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC016962. Thermo means heat, and haline refers to salinity. This process is known as upwelling. Associated with these currents is coastal upwelling that results from offshore Ekman transport. The stability of the AMOC during Heinrich events is not dependent on the AMOC strength in an Intermediate Complexity Earth System model ensemble. Click the card to flip . In 2021, she won the Kavli Science Journalism Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science for a Quirks and Quarks audio special on the history and future of Black people in science. WebThe oceans are in constant motion. Weba. The Meridional Overturning Circulation is a component of ocean circulation, which constantly moves water, heat, salt, carbon, and nutrients north-south within the ocean basins, and ultimately between the ocean basins and around the globe. She is the editor of the Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada and the author of several books. Moat, E. Frajka-Williams, D. Rayner, C.S. WebWhile sea ice exists primarily in the polar regions, it influences the global climate. Click the card to flip . This is what causes the wind to blow and storms to form. WebA. WebOcean Circulation. Sato, R.C. However, to understand the feedback and interaction between the waters formed in the North Atlantic and Southern Oceans it is imperative to improve our understanding of the pathways of the upper and lower limbs of the MOC in the South Atlantic Ocean. One of the most important is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Meinen, O.T. Which event causes tides? S, Domingues, R., Goes, M., Lopez, H., Morrow, R., Rivero, U., Rossby, T., Todd, R.E., Trinanes, J., Zilberman, N., Baringer, M.O., Boyer T., Cowley, R., Domingues, C.M., Hutchinson, K., Kramp, M., Mata, M.M., Reseghetti, F., Sun, C., Bhaskar, U., and Volkov, D., 2019: More than 50 years of successful continuous temperature section measurements by the Global Expendable Bathythermograph Network, its integrability, societal benefits, and future. The Gulf Stream is part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre. alright. Study pinpoints key causes of ocean circulation change. Baringer, E. Frajka-Williams, and D.A. Ocean circulation occurs both in the surface waters and in the deep ocean on Earth and is very interconnected to other spheres, such as the atmosphere and the biosphere. VOLKOV, D.L., S. DONG, M. Lankhorst, M. KERSAL, A. Sanchez-Franks, C. SCHMID, J. Herrford, R.C. tides. What causes the circulation of the air? Variability in ocean currents is influenced by multiple factors. With our partners, our WBTS project helped generate a 16-year daily time series of the MOC and heat transport in the North Atlantic. WebWhat is Ocean Circulation? Benson, M.N. It's what scientists refer to as a "positive feedback loop.". Meinen, H. Mercier, B.I. Res. These, however, are superimposed on the much more sluggish circulation driven by horizontal differences in temperature and salinitynamely, the thermohaline circulation. The Ekman transport within these gyres forces surface water to sink, giving rise to the subtropical convergence near 2030 latitude. This regional sea level variability is largely due to the changing dynamics of the ocean and atmosphere. Diverging surface waters occur where surface waters are moving away from an area on the ocean surface. Send, 2020: Atlantic meridional overturning circulation and associated heat transport [in State of the Climate in 2019]. Large, circular ocean current systems that often encompass an entire ocean basin. WebThe key factor is an ocean current system called the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which moves warm water from the equatorial tropics up to Europe and the north Atlantic. Jan 11, 2022. WebAn increase in evaporation near the equator would most likely cause. Study the relationship between the MOC and extreme weather events, including global monsoons, heat waves, hurricanes, and droughts. Soc., 101 (8), S163S169, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0105.1. Reynolds, D.E. Equatorial upwelling occurs where SE trade wind blow across the equator (Figure 9.19); Ekman transport forces surface water movement to the south (south of the Equator), and to the north (north of the Equator). An ocean gyre is a large system of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces created by Earths rotation.. "There is evidence that it has weakened, since like the mid2000s; that the circulation has slowed down a little bit," Donner said. WebSolar heating cause water to expand. Garzoli. The surface water in the North Atlantic region sinks to a depth of around 2000 metres due to convection. WebWaves occur when the force of the wind blows over surface water, transferring its energy and causing the water to move in a circular motion. Sea water density depends on temperature and salinity, hence the name thermo-haline. The wind-driven circulation is the more vigorous of the two and is configured as gyres that dominate an ocean region. WebThe ocean has long taken the brunt of the impacts of human-made global warming, says UN Climate Change. Near the thermal equator, where the warmest surface water is found, there occurs the eastward-flowing Equatorial Counter Current. Jansen, C.M. nataliecarlson. When this occurs, water rises up from beneath the surface to replace the diverging surface water. This research and related studies are allowing AOML scientists to link monsoon intensity and other severe weather events to changes in the MOC. Smeed, E. Frajka-Williams, D.G. Of course, that's not going to happen, but it provides a glimpse as to just how much heat is taken in. WebA current is the steady flow of a fluid (such as air or water) within a larger body of that fluid. They are formed primarily by wind blowing across the surface of the ocean the moon's gravity. Piola, C.S. And there's the fear that, with increasing global temperatures, if massive amounts of ice end up in the oceans it could cause major sea level rise. The zonally integrated component of surface and deep currents, known as the meridional overturning circulation (MOC), plays an important role in Earths climate because it provides a mechanism for ocean meridional heat transport (MHT). Share. Some of the cold water of the Labrador Current, however, extends farther south. Donohue, S. Elipot, N.P. The strongest of the western boundary currents is the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic Ocean. Circulation-driven variability of Atlantic anthropogenic carbon transports and uptake. Increasing temperatures alone caused currents to speed up more than 77% of the oceans surface. Near the equator the water is about 8 centimeters high than in middle latitudes. . In the far North Atlantic, some water sinks to the ocean floor. According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), "It is estimated that up to three billion people dependent on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods could be impacted by ocean acidification. The observing system for the Atlantic MOC/MHT consists of several basin-wide moored arrays as well as the combination of satellite altimetry and in situ (mainly Argo and eXpendable BathyThermograph [XBT]) measurements (Fig. A meridian is a north-south line on the globe along a constant longitude. WebLearning tools, flashcards, and textbook solutions | Quizlet A major ocean current in the Arctic is faster and more turbulent as a result of rapid sea ice melt, a new study from NASA shows. 100 terms. "Given the ongoing, incipient El Nio event in the tropical Pacific, we expect that the rest of 2023 will start to break records, too," Gavin Schmidt, director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies said in a NASA video session on Monday. I would like to find out what are the causes of ocean circulation. These gyres contribute to the Geostrophic Flow of the ocean resulting in the overall Ocean circulation model of the Earth. Synergy of In Situ and Satellite Ocean Observations in Determining Meridional Heat Transport in the Atlantic Ocean. A storm darkens the sky at the mouth of the Russian River, north of Bodega Bay, Calif. The El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring and recurring oceanic phenomenon that is coupled with the atmosphere. Hounkonnou, J. Trotte Duha, R. Laxenaire, and N. Reul. WebWhat causes the two major types of ocean currents? The northward-flowing current off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula carries cold Antarctic coastal water into the circumpolar belt. Ship days on research vessels provided by international partner organizations, saving NOAA more than US$10M in ship time costs. Achieving a more complete understanding of the behavior of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) requires an observational network spanning the globe. To enhance our understanding of the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC) and Meridional Heat Transport (MHT) variability in the South Atlantic, AOML developed a methodology to estimate the MOC and MHT by combining sea surface height measurements from satellite altimetry and in situ measurements (Dong et al., 2015). See the video below by NASA to learn more about why the MOC is important, or check out the tweet thread we did about the #thermohalinecirculation with Renellys Perez. The wind-driven circulation is strongest in the surface layer. WebDeep Ocean Circulation. 4. Ocean Circulation is the large scale movement of waters in the ocean basins. . The thermohaline circulation is more sluggish, with a typical speed of 1 cm (0.4 inch) per second, but this flow extends to the seafloor and forms circulation patterns that envelop the global ocean. While it is now thought that differences in solar heating have a relatively minor direct effect on But once again, scientists are trying to better understand AMOC and the potential role that ocean warming and glacier melt will play in its circulation. Natural and man-made barriers such as cliffs, mangrove forests, sea walls and coastal developments stand in the way of them migrating further inland. 95% of existing ocean climates could disappear by 2100 if CO2 emissions continue to climb. ; Mean sea level, also known as a tidal datum, is the average of the hourly water level heights observed at a local tide station J. Geophys. Volkov, D.L., S. Dong, J. Willis, W. Hobbs, W. Johns, D.A. Low salinities occur near the equator due to rain from rising atmospheric circulation. El Nio, decreases rainfall in the same region while warming other parts of the world, including parts of Canada. 1 / 17. So what does it mean for Canada? Sato, R.C. can someone plzz tell mii. In this lab, you will examine global patterns of circulation in the ocean and atmosphere. The current is part of a delicate Arctic environment that is now flooded with fresh water, an effect of human-caused climate change. Ocean currents are the horizontal and vertical circulation of ocean waters that produce a steady flow of water in a prevailing direction. Trenberth, S. Bacon, G. Forget, G.J. Students also viewed. Web1. Heres Why You Should Care. Responding to the large-scale wind field over the North Atlantic, the Gulf Stream separates from the continental margin at Cape Hatteras. Perez, V. Hatje, J. Luebbecke, I. . There is increasing evidence that the South Atlantic may be playing a crucial role to the MOC variability. Continuous observations of the MOC can potentially be used to develop or improve coastal sea level predictions. b. As an amateur astronomer, Nicole can be found looking up at the night sky appreciating the marvels of our universe. Goni, P. Heimbach, D. Kieke, J. Koelling, T. Lamont, G. McCarthy, C. Mertens, U. Because it affects ocean circulation and weather, an El Nio or La Nia event The Antarctic, on the other hand, is an entirely different beast. All Rights Reserved. WebAt the ocean surface, currents are primarily driven by winds. El Nio is on our doorstep, but not all are created equal. Volkov, R. Lumpkin, and S.L. To put it in perspective, earlier this year, Tim Boyer, an oceanographer with NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, told CBC News that should the top 1,000 metres of the ocean drop in temperature by just 0.1 C, the heat released into our atmosphere would result in an increase of 100 C of global temperature. WebThe Oceans Carbon Balance. The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is not a well-defined single-axis current but rather consists of a series of individual currents separated by frontal zones. It's a sobering reminder that our planet is more than 70 per cent water, that these waters help drive climate around every part of the world. Cold eddies of slope water are injected into the region south of the Gulf Stream and drift to the southwest. A. the Coriolis Effect B. convection. Here's what it means for ocean life, Birds Canada calls on British Columbians to help ID dead seabirds amid marine heat wave. Global meridional overturning circulation inferred from a data-constrained ocean and sea-ice model. WebCauses of ocean currents. Meinen. Climate change affects ocean temperatures as well as wind patterns taken together, these can alter oceanic currents. Volkov, D.L., C.S. As the cold freshwater melts into the ocean, it causes a destabilizing effect in the circulation. AOML has continuously monitored the Florida current since 1982 to learn more about how local and global sea level rise are connected over time and space. As the water flows poleward, it releases heat into the atmosphere. surface currents are caused by wind while thermohaline currents are caused by density differences caused by salinity and temperatures. Rodrigues, J.O. Piola, I. Ansorge, E. Campos. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126(4), e2020JC017073. WebFast Facts. Perez, B.I. The SAM project, along with SAMOC partners, has collected 10 years of daily MOC transport data in the South Atlantic. Ocean Science, 14(5):923-945, doi:10.5194/os-14-923-2018 2018, Extreme weather events are responsible for large mortality and vast economic impact in the U.S. on a yearly basis. Water with a higher salinity, or colder water, is more dense and likely to sink. 12y ago. The path that they follow defines a clockwise-flowing recirculation gyre seaward of the Gulf Stream. "This circulation transports an enormous amount of heat northward in the ocean," Yin said. Upwelling also happens in parts of the ocean where winds cause surface currents to diverge or move away from one another. Nutrient uptake and export interact with circulation to yield distinct ocean regimes. APES Chapter 4. Having a long-term data set will allow us to better understand this variability to better predict sea level changes. Heating by solar energy causes the water to expand. Depth contours, shoreline configurations and interaction with The AMOC is an important component of the Earths climate system and is a result of both atmospheric and thermohaline drivers. Differences in water density, resulting from the variability of water temperature Winds drive ocean currents in the upper 100 meters of the oceans surface. "The last 10 years have been the warmest since the 1880s. Daily estimates of the MOC collected in the North and South Atlantic through the collaborative mooring arrays.
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